The recent research and articles related to the issues of school’s exclusion, which is commonly understood to be one of the drivers of offending in Australia.

‘Early Life Predictors of Suspensions from Primary School: Cross-Agency Indicators of Risk for School Exclusion in An NSW Population Cohort‘, published by International journal of Population Data Science, Dec 7 2020. Author: Kristen Laurens, Queensland University Of Technology. Excluding students from school via out-of-school suspensions and expulsions is a controversial practice in Australia and internationally, yet forms a key component of school welfare and discipline policies. There is growing concern that increasing exclusion at earlier grades and an over-representation of particular groups of disadvantaged students may intensify inequalities in educational, justice, health and welfare outcomes for excluded students relative to their non-excluded peers. Previous studies have focused predominantly on secondary school exclusions and on sociodemographic predictors.

Semester 1 2021 Suspensions and Expulsions, published by NSW Department of Education 13 Dec 2021. The data shows the number of students receiving Suspensions and Expulsions in Semester 1 between 2017 and 2021. Aboriginal students account for approximately 8.6% of all government school student enrolments but approximately a quarter of all students suspended. In 2021 there were a total of 69,022 Aboriginal enrolments in NSW government schools. Ten per cent of all Aboriginal students were suspended at least once during Semester 1 2021.